Teori Evolusi

Evolusi merupakan cabang biologi yang mempelajari sejarah asal usul makhluk hidup dan keterkaitan genetik antara makhluk hidup satu dengan yang lain. Evolusi secara harfiah dapat diartikan sebagai perubahan perlahan-lahan. Oleh karenanya, yang dimaksud dengan evolusi biologi adalah perubahan/ perkembangan makhluk hidup secara bertahap dalam jangka waktu lama dari bentuk sederhana menuju bentuk yang lebih kompleks. 

Evolusi biologi mencakup dua peristiwa yaitu:

1. Evolusi anorganik, merupakan  evolusi mengenai asal usul makhluk hidup yang ada di muka bumi ini berdasarkan fakta dan penalaran teoritis;
2. Evolusi organik (evolusi biologis) merupakan evolusi filogenetis, yaitu mengenai asal usul spesies dan hubungan kekerabatannya.

Secara garis besar ada beberapa kategori evolusi yaitu evolusi progresif, evolusi regresif, evolusi divergen, dan evolusi konvergen. Evolusi progresif merupakan evolusi yang mengarah pada kemungkinan populasi suatu spesies dapat bertahan hidup. Sebaliknya, evolusi regresif merupakan evolusi yang mengarah pada kemungkinan populasi suatu spesies menjadi punah. Hasil akhir evolusi merupakan evolusi divergen dan evolusi konvergen. Evolusi divergen merupakan perubahan dari satu spesies menjadi banyak spesies baru. Sementara itu, evolusi konvergen merupakan perubahan pada organ yang berbeda pada spesies-spesies yang memiliki hubungan kekerabatan jauh menuju kesamaan fungsi organ tersebut.

Ada beberapa teori evolusi yang dikemukakan oleh para ahli biologi pada masa sebelum teori evolusi Darwin maupun pada masa sesudah teori evolusi Darwin.

Teori skala alami dan teologi alam. Sejumlah filsuf Yunani klasik percaya adanya evolusi kehidupan. Plato (427 – 347 SM) percaya pada dua dunia, yaitu dunia yang ideal dan abadi, serta dunia maya (khayal) yang tidak sempurna. Kedua dunia tersebut dapat dipahami dengan menggunakan alat indera manusia. Evolusi menurutnya akan mengubah dunia yang organismenya sudah ideal dan teradaptasi sempurna dengan lingkungannya. Aristoteles (384 – 322 SM) menganut teori skala alami (scalae naturae). Skala alami membahas bahwa semua bentuk kehidupan disusun menurut suatu skala atau tangga yang kompleksitasnya meningkat kearah atas. Setiap bentuk kehidupan mempunyai suatu tangga dengan anak tangganya masing-masing yang berada pada tingkatan yang berbeda-beda. Pandangannya mengenai hidup ini berlaku selama 2000 tahun, spesies diyakini telah permanent, sempurna, dan tidak berkembang lagi.

selling product :D

SELLING PRODUCT : BAG

            Good afternoon ladies and gentlemen. How are you today? Well, I hope that you are fine and will be better after this show because we are going to launch the new product of us that will ease your life. We are, MG company is going to introduce you the newest bag that is going to help you to bring your tools and equipment.

            Ladies and gentlement, we know that everyone needs something to bring their equipment. It is bag. Can you imagine that we have to bring our equipment just with our hand? It will bother us to do our activities right? I am sure, without bag, you will feel something has lost from you. Everybody must have a bag to keep their things safely.

            Well, they are many kinds of bag. There are athletic bag, backpack, Baguette Bag, Clutch Bag, Duffel Bag, doctor bag, school bag and many others. They have the function. The the function is different each other.

Well, now, I am going to introduce you the newest school bag. School bag is for student. They bring their book with their school bag. Because school bag can contain many books and it is so easy to be bought. But this school bag is very special. It is named “Export”. As its name, it has export quality. This bag has been exported to many country in this world. And it is made in Indonesia.

Ladies and gentlement, beside having a good quality, this bag also has many other function. And I will tell you one by one.

First, this bag has large capacity, it can contain 20 kilograms goods. Beside it can contain book, i can also contain clothes, tools, equipments, and many other. Second, it has a long strap. So, if you bring heavy things, you can shorten the strap and otherwise, if we bring easy things, you can lengthen the strap, beside it can be the new model, it can also make you easier.

Third, this bag is very strong. So that it is not easily broken eventhough you hurtle it. Next, this is equipped by GPS and compass, so if you get lost. You can find the way home by seeing your GPS and compass. This is also good for the scout people.

Ladies and gentlement, if you want to be stylish, this bag also very suitable for you. Because, it can be like backpack or shoulder bag. And, for people who want to be like detective, it also has some secret pockets. And it can not be seen by the other people because it is located in strategic place to hide something. And Export is water resistant, so if the rain comes, you do not have to worry about your bag.

Ladies and gentlement, it is so awesome, isn’t it? What are you waiting for? Exprort is going to help you in every situation. Just for Rp. 250.000 you can have it. Do not think late the suply is limited. Because it is the first launch of this product, so I would like to give you some special offer. You can get discount for 20 % for every single bag that you buy. And then, for the first 10 buyers, you can get a special pen “Monc Blanc”. Purchase it right now and you will have a better life. For more information, contact us in www.export.com.

And finally, I would like to say thank you for your coming, time and attention. See you in the next time.

dialogue

Izzura and meutia are best friend. They always go everywhere together. they are best friend since they were a kid. Because their parents are best friend too. Now, they sit in the third grade at MTsN Model. Tomorrow they will have the acceptance test in the provided senior high school.
Situation : Zura is calling memeu For asking about the acceptance test.
Zura : hello, is this memeu?
Meutia : speaking
Zura : Hello Faiz, it’s me, Zura. Tomorrow we will have the acceptance test in senior high school right? Don't u remember our promise to have that test in the same senior high school?Meutia : yes, as i told you before, i want to choose SMAN 1 as my senior high school.
Zura : yes, me too
Meutia : do you mind going there with me?
Zura : sorry, i beg your pardon
Meutia : Do you mind going there with me?
Zura : sure. At 7 o’clock at our school. OK?
Meutia : OK! I will be waiting for you. Don't be late!
Zura : OK. Bye.

Situation: at school they meet again. But, Zura is late.
Zura : i’m so sorry meu,, i’m late because i forgot to prepare what i need for today.
Meutia : but we will be late to go there... it’s because of you
Zura : i’m sorry,, let’s go there as soon as possible.
Meutia : OK..

After that they go to SMAN 1 Padang, and they see many people around there and they are so confused
Zura : huh, what must we do now meu? There are so many people here.
Meutia : i’m confused zura. How if we ask the people there. May be she can help us.
Zura : OK
So, they ask someone about how to register the data.
Zura :hello, could you help us please?
Novi : yes, what can i do for you?
Meutia : we want to register to this school. What do we have to go?
Novi : oh, just go there and you will find the administration room. Just enter that room and you will find someone guide you. (pointed the way)
Zura : thanks. But, may i have your name please?
Novi : well, my name is Novi. I’m the member of osis.
meutia : thank you Novi.
Novi : yeah, you are welcome. I have to go there. Bye
Zura : bye.

After that, Zura and memeu go to the administration room. And after going there. They find someone.
Zura : i hope we can be one of the student here meu
Meutia : yeah, me too. Hey, zura, look at there. That’s my cousin, Faiz. And look, he is with Novi. Let’s greet them.
Zura : yap, let’s go there.
Meutia : hi Faiz.. it’s me. Meutia...
Faiz : hi meu,, oh, so you want to enter this school right?
Meutia : ya,, of course. So how do you do here?
Faiz : hey, don't you remember that i am the chairman of osis here?
Meutia : ups, sorry, i forgot about it.
Faiz : well, it’s my friend. Novi. She is my member.
Meutia : hello Novi,, oh ya, i have seen her before. She has told me the way to go to administration room,, nice to meet you again
Novi : ya.. nice to meet you.
Meutia : and this is my best friend.. don't you remember her,aiz?
Faiz : of course, she is zura, right? I saw her when i came to your house.. hello zura. Nice to meet you again.
Zura : hello faiz. Nice to meet you too again.
Meutia : faiz, Novi, would you like to tell us about your school?
Novi : OK, how if we tell you while we go around this school?
Zura : yeah, i like it.. do you mind showing us your school faiz?
Faiz : No big deal, moreover, i’m not busy right now.
Meutia : yeah,, where is the first location that we go?
Novi : hm,,we start from our canteen, it’s near from here.
Zura : OK. Let’s go.

They go around that school while telling about some topic.
Meutia : Novi, i heard that RSBI will be dispersed. What do you think about it? Do you agree with that?
Novi : i don't know exactly, because we also have advantage and disadvantage of that
Zura : could you tell me what that is?
Faiz : the advantage of that, first, the fee of our school may be will be minus. But think that it could be the same as usual. Our facility may not be taken by government, it will be still with us. But, it also make our school fee as many as usual.
Meutia : ya, I think just the status will change, but not the facility and the other. We can still get it.
Zura : so, do you think it’s useless to be dispersed?
Meutia : yap,,
Novi : but, many people doubt that RSBI will be dispersed, moreover, RSBI is one of the best program at school.
Faiz : ya, it’s still doubtfulness. We wish that we will get the best for our education.
Meutia : ya, i do agree with you. I think we have to go home now, am i right zura?
Zura : ya,, thanks a lot faiz, novi
Faiz and Novi : you are welcome.

selling product

SELLING PRODUCT

            Good afternoon ladies and gentlemen. How are you today? Well, I hope that you are fine and will be better after this show because we are going to launch the new product of us that will ease your life in the future. We are, Wijaya company is going to introduce you the newest lamp that is going to light up your room as well as your life.

            Even though, it is just a small piece of thing but the existence of it is also meaningful for our life. Cau you imagine that one day you do not have a lamp? Well, I am sure that every activity can be confuse each other . you will get stress because you can not see everything clearly. And you can not do your job perfectly. One thing with many function in it. small thing with big functions.

            Ladies and gentlemen

            I believe that everyone gathering here is the lucky one. Because, no longer after this, we are going to introduce you the most helpful lamp named “Sunrise”. Sunrise is the modern and multifunction lamp. First plus point is the fact that this lamp is completed with automatic technology.

            So, when we clap our hands the lamp will be on. It means that you do not need switch. And it is going to ease your stressful when you are in busy days. The second plus point is that this lamp has a beautiful shape. And the third plus point is that this lamp can be used with the sheath and it can be the sleep lamp. Awesome is not it?

            Well ladies and gentlemen

            What are you waiting for? This lamp is going to use in your room. Because it is the first launch of this product, so we would like to give you a special offer. You can get discount for 10% for every single this lamp that you buy and the price of this lamp are Rp.10.000,-. It is so cheap, is not it?

            Ladies and gentlemen

            Finally we would like to deliver our big thanks for your coming, attention and time. Have a nice day and keep in touch with our product.

            Good afternoon.